BloomFilter 布隆过滤

abloz 2012-12-20
2012-12-20

周海汉 2012.12.20 听说世界末日狂欢要到了?

Bloom 1970年发明了布隆过滤器,对大数据尤其有用。

Bloom过滤原理:

如果要判断一个数是否在一个集合中,最自然的想法是直接遍历,如果找到,则存在;没有找到,则不存在。如果数据是有序集合,则可以用折半查找。

Hash方法是一种很好的映射方式,方便快速查找。我们可以先用Hash做索引,如果数据Hash后在索引表中存在,则数据可能存在。因为Hash可能存在碰撞的可能。

Bloom过滤是对Hash的进一步优化,采用一组Hash,获得数据不同的位。如果每个位都置1了,则可能存在数据,这是考虑到很少的碰撞情况。如果有一个位没有置1,则该数据必然不存在。由于一个很大的数据在Hash中仅占几个位,所以极大的减少了对磁盘的访问和加快了查找数据速度。

Bloom过滤步骤:

假设Bloom数位列表长度n=20,每个数据D,采用k=3个Hash函数,获取到3个不同位置,并将相应的位置置1.

如下图所示HASHSET(D1)={Hash1(D1),Hash2(D1),Hash3(D1)}={2,8,16},则将2,8,16三个位置置1,红色表示。

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 1 1 1 1

HASHSET(D2)={Hash1(D2),Hash2(D2),Hash3(D2)}={2,5,12},则将2,5,12三个位置置1,黑色表示。注意到2位置D2和D1重复了。没关系,仍然置1,这不妨碍找到D1和D2.

现在如果有D3,HASHSET(D3)={Hash1(D3),Hash2(D3),Hash3(D3)}={2,5,12},那么我们认为D3是存在的。但也可能因为Hash碰撞原因不存在。所以需要读完磁盘的真实数据才知道。

现在如果有D4,HASHSET(D4)={Hash1(D4),Hash2(D4),Hash3(D4)}={5,12,19},则该数据D4必然不存在。

Hadoop有对Bloom Filter的实现 代码 [zhouhh@Hadoop48 hadoop-1.0.4]$ cd ./src/core/org/apache/hadoop/util/bloom/ [zhouhh@Hadoop48 bloom]$ ls BloomFilter.java DynamicBloomFilter.java HashFunction.java RemoveScheme.java CountingBloomFilter.java Filter.java Key.java RetouchedBloomFilter.java [zhouhh@Hadoop48 bloom]$ cat BloomFilter.java

public class BloomFilter extends Filter {
  private static final byte[] bitvalues = new byte[] {
    (byte)0x01,
    (byte)0x02,
    (byte)0x04,
    (byte)0x08,
    (byte)0x10,
    (byte)0x20,
    (byte)0x40,
    (byte)0x80
  };

  /** The bit vector. */
  BitSet bits;

  /** Default constructor - use with readFields */
  public BloomFilter() {
    super();
  }

  /**
   * Constructor
   * @param vectorSize The vector size of <em>this</em> filter.数组大小
   * @param nbHash The number of hash function to consider.多少个Hash函数
   * @param hashType type of the hashing function 什么hash函数(see
   * {@link org.apache.hadoop.util.hash.Hash}).
   */
  public BloomFilter(int vectorSize, int nbHash, int hashType) {
    super(vectorSize, nbHash, hashType);

    bits = new BitSet(this.vectorSize);
  }

  @Override
  public void add(Key key) { //将key 添加到Bloom位数组
    if(key == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException("key cannot be null");
    }

    int[] h = hash.hash(key); //这返回一组位置
    hash.clear();

    for(int i = 0; i < nbHash; i++) {
      bits.set(h[i]);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void and(Filter filter) {
    if(filter == null
        || !(filter instanceof BloomFilter)
        || filter.vectorSize != this.vectorSize
        || filter.nbHash != this.nbHash) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("filters cannot be and-ed");
    }

    this.bits.and(((BloomFilter) filter).bits);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean membershipTest(Key key) { //检查是否在集合内
    if(key == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException("key cannot be null");
    }

    int[] h = hash.hash(key);
    hash.clear();
    for(int i = 0; i < nbHash; i++) {
      if(!bits.get(h[i])) { //比较每个Hash位置,如果有一个不同,则返回失败
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true; //返回真,但可能会有碰撞误报
  }

  @Override
  public void not() {
    bits.flip(0, vectorSize - 1);
  }

  @Override
  public void or(Filter filter) {
    if(filter == null
        || !(filter instanceof BloomFilter)
        || filter.vectorSize != this.vectorSize
        || filter.nbHash != this.nbHash) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("filters cannot be or-ed");
    }
    bits.or(((BloomFilter) filter).bits);
  }

  @Override
  public void xor(Filter filter) {
    if(filter == null
        || !(filter instanceof BloomFilter)
        || filter.vectorSize != this.vectorSize
        || filter.nbHash != this.nbHash) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("filters cannot be xor-ed");
    }
    bits.xor(((BloomFilter) filter).bits);
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return bits.toString();
  }

  /**
   * @return size of the the bloomfilter
   */
  public int getVectorSize() {
    return this.vectorSize;
  }

  // Writable

  @Override
  public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
    super.write(out);
    byte[] bytes = new byte[getNBytes()];
    for(int i = 0, byteIndex = 0, bitIndex = 0; i < vectorSize; i++, bitIndex++) {
      if (bitIndex == 8) {
        bitIndex = 0;
        byteIndex++;
      }
      if (bitIndex == 0) {
        bytes[byteIndex] = 0;
      }
      if (bits.get(i)) {
        bytes[byteIndex] |= bitvalues[bitIndex];
      }
    }
    out.write(bytes);
  }

  @Override
  public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
    super.readFields(in);
    bits = new BitSet(this.vectorSize); //位集合
    byte[] bytes = new byte[getNBytes()];
    in.readFully(bytes);
    for(int i = 0, byteIndex = 0, bitIndex = 0; i < vectorSize; i++, bitIndex++) {
      if (bitIndex == 8) {
        bitIndex = 0;
        byteIndex++;
      }
      if ((bytes[byteIndex] & bitvalues[bitIndex]) != 0) {
        bits.set(i);
      }
    }
  }

  /* @return number of bytes needed to hold bit vector */
  private int getNBytes() {
    return (vectorSize + 7) / 8;
  }
}//end class

[zhouhh@Hadoop48 bloom]$ cat HashFunction.java 这是Hash函数

package org.apache.hadoop.util.bloom;

import org.apache.hadoop.util.hash.Hash;

/**
 * Implements a hash object that returns a certain number of hashed values.
 *
 * @see Key The general behavior of a key being stored in a filter
 * @see Filter The general behavior of a filter
 */
public final class HashFunction {
  /** The number of hashed values. */
  private int nbHash;

  /** The maximum highest returned value. */
  private int maxValue;

  /** Hashing algorithm to use. */
  private Hash hashFunction;

  /**
   * Constructor.
   *
* /
public HashFunction(int maxValue, int nbHash, int hashType) {
    if (maxValue  0");
    }

    if (nbHash  0");
    }

    this.maxValue = maxValue;
    this.nbHash = nbHash;
    this.hashFunction = Hash.getInstance(hashType);
    if (this.hashFunction == null)
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("hashType must be known");
  }

  /** Clears thishash function. A NOOP */
  public void clear() {
  }

  /**
   * Hashes a specified key into several integers.
   * @param k The specified key.
   * @return The array of hashed values.
   */
  public int[] hash(Key k){
      byte[] b = k.getBytes();
      if (b == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("buffer reference is null");
      }
      if (b.length == 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("key length must be > 0");
      }
      int[] result = new int[nbHash];
      for (int i = 0, initval = 0; i < nbHash; i++) {
          initval = hashFunction.hash(b, initval);//每个Hash函数是用初始值来区分的。初始值又作为下次输入。
          result[i] = Math.abs(initval % maxValue);//对数组长度,求余,以免溢出
      }
      return result;
  }
}

参考: http://www.cnblogs.com/yuyijq/archive/2012/02/08/2343374.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter Hbase 官方文档最新中文版http://abloz.com/hbase/book.html#perf.reading


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